In 2025, freedom of expression remains under siege in many African nations as authoritarian governments continue to suppress press freedom, political opposition, and civil liberties. According to Freedom House's annual report on political rights and civil liberties, titled "Freedom In The World 2025", 21 African countries have been classified as "Not Free", highlighting the persistent struggle against censorship, repression, and human rights violations.

The report sheds light on the challenges faced by these countries, including media censorship, political repression, digital surveillance, and arbitrary laws. In countries like Egypt, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Cameroon, and Sudan, authorities restrict access to the internet, impose strict media laws, and silence dissenting voices. Journalists, activists, and opposition leaders often face arrests, intimidation, or exile for challenging those in power.

The 21 African nations struggling most with freedom in 2025 include Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, and Uganda. These countries have been ranked as "Not Free" due to their challenges regarding freedom of speech, political participation, and human rights.

One of the key challenges to freedom of expression in Africa is media censorship and crackdowns on journalists. Across Africa, press freedom is under attack, with governments shutting down independent media, arresting journalists, and controlling information. In Egypt, Ethiopia, and Rwanda, authorities restrict access to the internet, impose strict media laws, and silence dissenting voices. Some journalists have been imprisoned or forced into exile for reporting on government corruption or human rights abuses.

Political repression and silencing of opposition is another major challenge. In many African nations, political opposition is treated as a threat rather than a democratic necessity. Governments in Uganda, Algeria, and the Republic of Congo have manipulated elections, detained opposition leaders, and violently suppressed protests. Activists calling for greater democracy and transparency often face arbitrary arrests, torture, and forced disappearances.

Digital surveillance and internet shutdowns are also used to suppress dissent. Authoritarian regimes are increasingly using technology to monitor online activities, block access to independent news sites, and shut down social media platforms. In times of political unrest, authorities cut off the internet to prevent mobilization and restrict information flow.

Arbitrary laws and criminalization of free speech are also used to silence critics. Many African nations have introduced vague and restrictive laws that criminalize criticism of the government, public protests, and whistleblowing. In Ethiopia and Mozambique, individuals can face long prison sentences for "spreading false information", a term often used to silence critics.

Despite these challenges, there are glimmers of hope. Growing activism, international advocacy, and digital tools empowering citizens are contributing to a shift towards greater freedom of expression. However, for true freedom to be realized, governments must uphold press rights, respect opposition voices, and embrace democratic principles. Until then, Africa's struggle against authoritarianism and for free expression continues.

The fight for freedom of expression and democratic governance in Africa remains an uphill battle. However, with continued international pressure, advocacy, and digital tools empowering citizens, there is hope for a more democratic and free Africa.